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Kako poteka ultrazvok trebuha (UZ abdomna)? - Ambulanta.si
10.11.2021

Kako poteka ultrazvok trebuha (UZ abdomna)?

Ultrazvok trebuha ali ultrazvok abdomna je preiskava, s katero preiskujemo notranjost trebušne votline. Je popolnoma neškodljiva, neboleča in neinvazivna slikovna diagnostika, ki nam lahko pomaga pri diagnostiki različnih zdravstvenih stanj v trebušni votlini s prikazom slike v realnem času. Je varna in široko dostopna metoda za prikaz mehkih tkiv.

Zdravnik pri opravljanju ultrazvoka uporablja sondo, na katero nanese gel, ki ga nanese tudi na kožo trebuha. S sondo drsi po trebuhu in tako prikazuje notranjost trebušne votline. Neslišni visokofrekvenčni zvočni valovi potujejo od sonde skozi gel v telo. Nato sonda zbira odmeve, tako imenovane visokofrekvenčne zvoke, ki se odbijajo, in s pomočjo računalniške opreme ustvarja sliko oziroma posnetek.

 

Kako poteka preiskava?

Med samo preiskavo večino časa bolnik leži na hrbtu, po potrebi se obrne na bok, če je to potrebno za boljši prikaz slike. Zdravnik na kožo trebuha nanese gel, da ultrazvočna sonda lepše drsi po trebuhu in zagotavlja varen stik sonde s kožo, obenem pa preprečuje, da bi zrak med sondo in kožo motil kakovost slike. Večji del preiskave poteka z rahlim pritiskom sonde ob trebušno steno. Če je na primer preglednost slabša ali kadar je potreben nekoliko močnejši pritisk za prikaz boljše slike, lahko pacient čuti rahlo nelagodje oziroma zelo blago bolečino na mestu pritiska. Preiskava navadno ne traja več kot 30 minut. Gel, ki se uporablja pri preiskavi, je na vodni osnovi, neškodljiv in se po opravljeni preiskavi preprosto obriše.

 

Kaj preiskujemo z ultrazvokom?

 

Priprava na ultrazvok abdomna

Priprave na ultrazvok trebuha se nekoliko razlikujejo glede na razlog pregleda. Splošno pravilo, ki velja za predpriprave na ultrazvok abdomna, je, da morate biti tešči. Za pregled zgornjega dela trebuha, torej žolčnika, žolčnih vodov in trebušne slinavke, morate biti pred preiskavo praviloma 8 do 12 ur tešči. To pomeni, da je za preglede v dopoldanskem času praviloma zadnji obrok pred preiskavo večerja prejšnji večer.

Za preglede v popoldanskem času pa je zadnji obrok praviloma zajtrk. Za pregled organov v spodnjem delu trebuha, torej sečnega mehurja, maternice in jajčnikov pri ženskah ter prostate in semenskih mešičkov pri moških, morate imeti pred preiskavo poln sečni mehur, zato pred preiskavo popijte čim več tekočine. Dovoljena sta negazirana voda ali čaj, prepovedane pa so pijače, ki vsebujejo mleko ali smetano. Eno uro pred pregledom je dobro popiti nekaj kozarcev vode, da se mehur zmerno napolni in nato do pregleda ne odvajajte vode. Ker ultrazvočno preiskavo močno ovira zaplinjeno črevesje, se dan pred pregledom svetuje uživanje lahko prebavljive hrane, ki ne napenja.

Idealno je, da je na dan pregleda črevo dokaj izpraznjeno, zato je pomembno redno odvajanje blata, tudi na dan preiskave. V primeru zaprtja se svetuje odvajalna svečka zjutraj pred preiskavo, ki spodbudi odvajanje blata. Ker zrak in plini lahko precej motijo ultrazvočne valove, ni vselej mogoče natančno pregledati prebavne cevi. Vsekakor zdravnik vsaj orientacijsko pregleda in opredeli stanje želodca, tankega in debelega črevesa. 

 

Katere organe preiskujejo z ultrazvokom?

Jetra, vranico, žolčnik, žolčevode, trebušno slinavko, ledvici, sečevode, mehur, prostato, jajčnike, jajcevode, maternico, slepič, krvne žile v trebuhu (predvsem abdominalno aorto).

 

Kdaj je koristno opraviti UZ trebuha?

  • Pri različnih bolečinah v trebuhu,
  • pri nepravilnem delovanju jeter oziroma patoloških jetrnih testih,
  • pri palpatorno povečanih organih,
  • pri sumu na anevrizmo trebušne aorte in za sledenje velikosti že znane anevrizme trebušne aorte,
  • pri ledvičnih in žolčnih kamnih,
  • pri polipih žolčnika,
  • za odkrivanje različnih tumorjev in cist.

 

Dopplerjev UZ

Z Dopplerjem se opredeli pretok krvi skozi žile, zato je uporaben v sklopu ultrazvočne preiskave trebuha. Odkrivajo se zoženja žil, zmanjšani pretoki krvi ali zvišani pretoki krvi skozi organe in žile, malformacije žil, tumorji, krvni strdki in podobno. 

 

Kaj lahko odkrijemo z ultrazvokom trebušnih organov?

Zdravnik lahko opredeli velikost in lego organov kot tudi prisotnost proste tekočine v trebušni votlini ter patoloških bezgavk. Lahko odkrije številne spremembe in postavi sum na določene bolezni. 

Pri pregledu jeter lahko odkrije oziroma posumi na maščobno infiltracijo jeter, hepatitis, cirozo, povečana ali zmanjšana jetra, ciste, benigne tumorje (hemangiomi, adenomi), maligne tumorje (adenokarcinom, holangiokarcinom) in podobno.

Pri pregledu žolčnika in žolčevodov se lahko vidijo zadebeljena stena žolčnika, vnetja, žolčni kamni, polipi in podobno. Pri pregledu trebušne slinavke – pankreasa lahko odkrije kronični pankreatitis, ciste in benigne ali maligne tumorje. 

Ob pregledu ledvic lahko odkrije različne prirojene malformacije (podvojeni votli sistem, hipoplastični ledvici), solitarno ledvico, policistično ledvično bolezen, razširjen votli sistem, posledice vnetja sečil, posamezne ciste v ledvicah, kamne v ledvicah in ostalih delih sečil, različne benigne in maligne tumorje. Lahko oceni steno mehurja in morebitne spremembe v mehurju, kot so kamni, polipi ter tumorji. Določi lahko velikost prostate in zaostanek urina v mehurju pri povečani prostati.

 

ultrazvok trebuha

 

Omejitve ultrazvoka trebuha

Možna je slaba preglednost trebušnih organov zaradi debelosti ali črevesja, napolnjenega s plini in zrakom. Pri čezmerni telesni teži velika količina tkiva oslabi ultrazvočne valove, črevo, polno plinov, pa lahko zakrije organe, ki jih prekriva. Velikokrat pa so tudi prisotne nekatere nespecifične in neopredeljene spremembe, ki zahtevajo dodatne preiskave, za potrditev ali izključitev obolenja. Ne glede na omejitve je ultrazvok odlična, enostavna, lahko dostopna in neinvazivna preiskava tako za odkrivanje kot sledenje številnih sprememb v trebušni votlini.

Izognite se dolgim čakalnim vrstam v javnem zdravstvenem sistemu in se naročite na pregled pri izbranem specialistu v vaši bližini!

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