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Kaj je spirometrija in kako poteka? - Ambulanta.si
10.11.2021

Kaj je spirometrija in kako poteka?

Spirometrija (»merjenje dihanja«) je zelo pogosta začetna diagnostična preiskava za odkrivanje pljučnih bolezni, predvsem tistih z zožitvami dihalnih poti (kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen (link do članka KOPB) in astma).

Pomembna je tudi za spremljanje uspešnosti zdravljenja in odkrivanje morebitnih poslabšanj teh pljučnih bolezni. Z njo se lahko srečamo tudi na obdobnih službenih pregledih in sistematskih pregledih.

Spirometrija

 

KAKO POTEKA PREISKAVA?

Preiskava poteka ambulantno. Usposobljeno medicinsko osebje poda ustrezna navodila za potek preiskave. Ta  poteka sede in vzravnano. Na nos preiskovanca  namestijo stišček, da se prepreči uhajanje zraka skozi nos. Preiskovanec ves čas diha v cevko, ki je speljana v napravo za izvajanje spirometrije, tako imenovani spirometer.

Najprej ob maksimalnem vdihu skozi usta preiskovanec počasi skozi usta izdiha zrak v aparat. To ponovi trikrat. Nato v naslednjih meritvah zrak na vso moč vdihne skozi usta in nato ves zrak hitro ter do konca izdihne v ustnik spirometra. Izdih naj traja najmanj 6 sekund. Izdih je treba vsaj trikrat in največ osemkrat ponoviti, vmes preiskovanec pol minute počiva.

Naprava izmeri volumen in hitrost izdihanega zraka. Preiskava traja približno 15 minut. Zdravnik se lahko po opravljeni preiskavi odloči za bronhodilatatorni test, pri katerem po opravljeni spirometriji preiskovanec vdihne zdravilo za širjenje dihalnih poti in po 20 minutah ponovi spirometrijo. Bronhodilatatorni test poda informacijo o morebitnem izboljšanju pljučne funkcije po vdihanju bronhodilatatorne učinkovine. Za astmo je značilno izboljšanje pljučne funkcije po aplikaciji bronhodilatatorja, medtem ko za kronično obstruktivno bolezen (KOPB) ne.

 

KAJ POMENIJO MERITVE V IZVIDU?

Izvid je znan takoj po opravljeni preiskavi. Naprava izriše krivulje izdihov, prav tako se izpišejo nekatere številčne vrednosti:

  • Vitalna kapaciteta (VK) je količina maksimalnega izdihanega zraka po maksimalnem vdihu. Podatek o VK pridobimo v prvem delu preiskave, ko do konca vdihnjen zrak počasi izdihujemo v napravo.
  • Forsirana vitalna kapaciteta (FVK) je največja možna količina zraka, ki jo na silo izdihnemo po največjem možnem vdihu.
  • Forsiran ekspiratorni (izdihani) volumen (FEV1) predstavlja količino zraka, ki jo na silo izdihnemo v prvi sekundi. Nižji FEV (pod 80 % normalne vrednosti) nakazuje na pomembnejšo zaporo dihalnih poti, saj v prvi sekundi ni mogoče izdihniti enake količine zraka kot pri zdravih pljučih. Podatek o FVK in FEV1 pridobimo šele po treh oziroma osmih meritvah v drugem delu preiskave.

Razmerje med  izdihanim zrakom v prvi sekundi in celotnim volumnom izdihanega zraka (razmerje med FEV1 in VK) se imenuje Tiffeneaujev indeks (TI).

Normalna vrednost TI je odvisna od starosti, telesne višine in spola preiskovanca. Oseba z zdravimi pljuči v prvi sekundi izdihne večino vdihanega zraka, zato je Tiffeneaujev indeks visok (0,7 ali več).

TI pod 0,7 nakazuje na obstruktivno pljučno bolezen (najpogosteje astma ali KOPB). Kadar sta znižana tako FVK kot tudi FEV1 in je razmerje med njima normalno ali celo nekoliko višje, govorimo o restriktivni motnji dihanja.

Takšne bolezni na primer srečamo pri motnjah raztezanja prsnega koša (zabrazgotinjenje popljučnice, bolezni hrbtenice) in pljučni fibrozi.

 

KAKO SE PRIPRAVITI NA PREISKAVO?

Na spirometrijo pridemo v udobnih oblačilih, ki nam bodo omogočala globoko dihanje. Pred preiskavo se izogibamo obilnih obrokov in alkohola, dan pred preiskavo (nujno eno uro prej) je odsvetovano tudi kajenje. Pred izvedbo mora preiskovanec počivati 10 minut.

Se pripravljate na pulmološki pregled? Preberite več o tem kako poteka, kaj morate vedeti pred pregledom in kako poteka zdravljenje. 

 

ALI JE SPIROMETRIJA VARNA PREISKAVA?

Spirometrija je povsem varna in neinvazivna preiskava. Sodelovanje preiskovanca je pri preiskavi ključnega pomena. Kontraindikacija za izvedbo preiskave je nezmožnost sodelovanja preiskovanca (na primer majhni otroci). Zaradi naprezanja in napenjanja pri preiskavi pa tudi nedavni srčni infarkt, angina pektoris, glavkom, povišan krvni tlak nad 210/120 mmHg ali nedavne operacije v prsni ali trebušni votlini. V takih primerih se preiskava odloži na primernejši čas.

Izognite se dolgim čakalnim vrstam v javnem zdravstvenem sistemu in se naročite na pregled pri izbranem specialistu v vaši bližini!

Ambulanta.si vam zagotavlja hitro in enostavno izbiro zdravstvene storitve in široke mreže zdravstvenih izvajalcev v zasebnem sektorju. Poleg hitrega naročila na pregled boste imeli tudi popolni pregled nad ceno posamezne zdravstvene storitve in predvidenimi stroški vašega zdravljenja. Za svoje zdravje pa lahko enostavno poskrbite tudi z zavarovanjem PRVA Zdravje, ki vam pri novonastalih boleznih in poškodbah omogoča dostop do zdravstvenih storitev v povprečno le 5 delovnih dneh – ob tem pa vam ne bo treba skrbeti za visoke stroške. Prilagodite ga svojim potrebam in izberite ustrezno kombinacijo zavarovalnih kritij, prek spleta že od 2,92 EUR/mesec!