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Alergološki testi: Kaj vse moram vedeti? - Ambulanta.si
10.11.2021

Alergološki testi: Kaj vse moram vedeti?

Alergološki testi ugotavljajo ali je naš imunski sistem pretirano odreagira na določene alergene. Katere vrste testov obstaja in kaj vse moram vedeti o alergoloških preiskavah, si preberite v nadaljevanju. 
 

Kaj je alergija?

Alergija je pogosta motnja imunskega sistema. Zanjo so značilne pretirane reakcije na običajno neškodljive snovi, kot so cvetni prah, pršice, živila in podobno.

Da pride do alergijske reakcije, je najprej potrebna senzibilizacija, ki se pojavi ob prvem stiku z alergenom. Prav tako se ob prvem stiku ustvari tudi imunski spomin. V vseh naslednjih ponovnih stikih z alergenom pride do preobčutljivostne alergijske reakcije.

Skoraj vsak peti človek ima težave, povezane z alergijami.

alergološki testi

 

Kaj je alergen?

Alergen je snov, ki vstopi v telo in ob tem aktivira imunski sistem. Ta aktivacija povzroči nastajanje specifičnih protiteles. Poznamo več kot 20 000 potencialnih alergenov.
Najpogostejši alergeni so: živalska dlaka (na primer mačja, pasja, konjska, morskega prašička), prah (pršice), strupi žuželk, cvetni prah (jelša, breza, hrast, topol, vrba, trave), trosi plesni, lateks, nikelj in podobno.
Najpogostejši prehranski alergeni so oreščki, arašidi, mleko, raki in školjke, soja, jajca, ribe, pšenica, sezam.

 

Alergijske reakcije

Z alergološkim testiranjem ugotavljamo, ali naš imunski sistem pretirano odreagira na določene alergene.

Alergijske reakcije so zelo različne. Najhujša alergijska reakcija je anafilaksija, ki se najpogosteje pojavi pri prehranskih alergijah. Lahko se kaže z urtikami oziroma koprivnico, otekanjem, težavami z dihanjem in naglim padcem tlaka, ki lahko vodi v anafilaktični šok, ki je življenjsko ogrožajoče stanje.

Blažje alergijske reakcije, ki se pojavijo predvsem na inhalatorne alergene, kot so pršica, živalska dlaka in cvetni prah, se lahko kažejo kot alergijski rinitis. Spremljajo ga lahko glavobol, srbeče in solzeče oči, zamašen nos, kihanje ter smrkanje. Lahko se pojavita tudi kronični kašelj in draženje v žrelu, pri astmatikih pa poslabšanje astme s težkim dihanjem, kašljem ter piskanjem. Možne so tudi alergije, ki se kažejo s spremembami na koži. V teh primerih gre za alergene, s katerimi prihajamo v stik prek kože. Eden najpogostejših kontaktnih alergenov je nikelj, ki je prisoten v nakitu. Pogosti kontaktni alergeni se nahajajo tudi v kozmetičnih izdelkih, pralnih praških in čistilih (konzervansi, dišave). Alergijske reakcije zaradi kontaktnih alergenov se kažejo v obliki kontaktnega dermatitisa.

alergološkim testiranjem ugotavljamo, ali naš imunski sistem pretirano odreagira na določene alergene.

Zdravniki se za alergološko testiranje navadno odločijo takrat, ko ima oseba težave, zaradi katerih objektivno sumijo prisotnost alergije. Največkrat so povod za testiranje rinitisi ali dermatitisi. Alergološko testiranje se pogosto opravi tudi pri astmatikih, saj alergije lahko povzročajo in poslabšajo astmo. Prav tako je alergološko testiranje nujno v primerih, ko je oseba v preteklosti že imela anafilaktično reakcijo, vendar se ne ve točno zaradi katerega alergena.

 

Kožni vbodni testi

So najpogosteje uporabljeni testi za ugotavljanje alergije, saj so hitri in varni. Lahko testiramo od enega do 50 različnih potencialnih alergenov. Kapljice testnih snovi medicinska sestra nanese na notranjo stran ene ali obeh podlahti (odvisno od števila alergenov, ki jih testiramo) in jih s pomočjo majhne lancete vtisne v kožo.

Kožna reakcija, ki jo testiranje potencialno izzove, se po navadi pojavi v 15 minutah od začetka testa. Vedno se določi in nanese histamin, na katerega vsi odreagiramo z urtiko, ter voda, na katero ni reakcije. Na mestu, kjer je vnesen alergen, na katerega je oseba alergična, se pojavita rdečina in urtika, ki jo po 15 minutah zdravnik z ravnilom izmeri. Pomembno je, da pacienti vsaj pet dni pred testiranjem ne jemljejo antihistaminikov (zdravil proti alergiji).

Vbodni testi se odsvetujejo med nosečnostjo, akutnim poslabšanjem alergijske bolezni, akutnim vročinskim obolenjem, zdravljenjem z nekaterimi zdravili ali če je koža na predelu testiranja vneta ali je bila nedavno zdravljena. Z vbodnimi testi najpogosteje testirajo inhalatorne in prehranske alergene ter tudi alergije na zdravila. Kožne spremembe, ki nastanejo po stiku z alergenom, hitro izginejo, najpozneje po nekaj urah.

KOŽNI VBODNI TESTI

 

Intradermalni testi

Uporabljajo se, ko so rezultati vbodnih testov nezanesljivi ali negativni. Izvedejo jih tako, da vbrizgajo majhno količino alergena v vrhnjo plast kože (povrhnjica), medtem ko pri vbodnih testih kapljico alergena nanesejo na površino kože.

 

Epikutani testi

Epikutano testiranje je testiranje na kontaktne alergene. Za tovrstno testiranje so potrebni trije obiski dermatologa ali alergologa.

Ob prvem obisku testne snovi nanesejo na posebne obliže, ki jih nalepijo na kožo hrbta, občasno lahko tudi na stegna ali roke. Standardno epikutano testiranje zajema 30 standardnih alergenov, ki so najpogostejši povzročitelj kontaktne preobčutljivosti v našem okolju. Včasih zdravnik lahko doda tudi druge serije alergenskih pripravkov, za katere sumi preobčutljivost (na primer dentalno serijo), ali snovi iz bolnikovega domačega ali poklicnega okolja (na primer kreme, dezodoranti, ličila, zaščitne rokavice). 

Obliži epikutanega testiranja ostanejo na koži 48 ur. Zdravnik oceni test po 48 in 72 urah, po najnovejših strokovnih priporočilih pa tudi 6. dan. Ko imate nalepljene obliže, se odsvetujejo umivanje hrbta, težja fizična aktivnost in potenje.

Ob pozitivni reakciji se na testnem mestu specifičnega alergena pojavijo srbenje, rdečina in izpuščaj, lahko tudi mehurčki. Spremembe, ki jih na koži izzove testiranje, same od sebe izzvenijo v nekaj dneh. Možne so hiperpigmentacije na testnem mestu, ki izzvenijo po mesecu dni, redko pozneje.

Epikutanih testov ne izvajajo pri nosečnicah in bolnikih z aktivnimi kožnimi spremembami (te morajo biti vsaj delno umirjene in v fazi izzvenevanja), pri hudem vnetju kože v testnem predelu, pri ljudeh, ki jemljejo nekatera protivnetna zdravila (kortikosteroide, imunosupresive), ter pri ljudeh, ki so pred kratkim uporabljali protivnetne kreme na koži, kjer bi bili nalepljeni obliži.

Vrednotenje rezultatov alergološkega testiranja je pogosto težavno, saj pozitiven test še ne pomeni, da je prav ta alergen povezan s trenutnimi težavami. 

 

Krvni testi

Za določanje specifičnih protiteles IgE je potreben odvzem krvi na enak način kot pri drugih preiskavah venske krvi. Najpogostejše mesto odvzema je na notranji strani komolca. Krvni testi na prisotnost protiteles IgE (imunoglobulinov E) zaznajo in izmerijo raven za določen alergen specifičnih IgE.

Naš imunski sistem izdela protitelesa, da nas zaščiti pred bakterijami, virusi in alergeni, zato so nizke vrednosti protiteles IgE normalno prisotne v krvi. Višje vrednosti IgE so prisotne v krvi, ko telo pretirano odreagira na določen alergen. Prav te povišane vrednosti so pokazatelj prisotnosti alergij. Žal so možni tudi lažno negativni rezultati. IgE se določa pri sumu na alergijo, kjer je treba dodatno opredeliti rezultate vbodnih testov, kjer vbodni in epikutani testi niso možni ali v primeru pojava anafilaksije v preteklosti.

Krvni testi so koristni tudi takrat, ko je treba ovrednotiti, kako uspešna je imunoterapija, in preveriti, ali je alergija izzvenela.

 

Provokacijski testi

Najpogosteje so uporabljeni v primeru prehranskih alergij. Ker so lahko potencialno nevarni, jih vedno izvajajo le v bolnišnici. V takem kontroliranem okolju se s postopnim vnašanjem alergena v določenih intervalih izzove in sproži alergijsko reakcijo.

Alergološka testiranja opravljajo alergologi, pulmologi in dermatologi.

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